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The electric furnace steelmaking method mainly utilizes arc heat, with temperatures reaching up to 4000 ℃ in the arc zone. The smelting process is generally divided into a melting period, an oxidation period, and a reduction period. In the furnace, not only can an oxidizing atmosphere be created, but also a reducing atmosphere can be created. Therefore, the efficiency of dephosphorization and desulfurization is very high. Electric furnace steelmaking using scrap steel as raw material requires less infrastructure investment compared to blast furnace converter method. At the same time, the development of direct reduction has greatly promoted electric furnace steelmaking by providing metalized pellets to replace most of the scrap steel. Function: Currently, there are many intermediate frequency furnaces in China, mainly used for smelting * * steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel molten steel. It belongs to the * * production process of stainless steel smelting, and its main functions are to melt molten steel, dephosphorization, and desulfurization. AOD furnace method (i.e. argon oxygen decarburization method) is a relatively advanced technique for refining stainless steel. It has the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, strong adaptability, low investment, and low production cost, and is widely adopted. Inject the molten iron from the blast furnace and the molten steel from the electric furnace into the AOD furnace through a ladle. During smelting, inject a mixture of O2, Ar, or N2 gas to decarburize the steel. At the same time, adjust the composition and temperature of the steel by adding reducing agents, desulfurizers, ferroalloys, or coolants through the feeding system to produce qualified stainless steel materials. Principle: The transportation and regulation of mixed gases during refining are one of the main systems of the argon oxygen furnace. The gas produced by the oxygen production workshop is transported through pipelines to the gas storage tanks near the workshop. After measurement, pressure reduction, regulation, and mixing, the mixed gas is sent into the furnace through a side gun according to the flow rate and proportion required by the process. At the beginning of smelting, oxygen is blown into the metal melt through a double-layer water-cooled oxygen blowing tube from the top furnace mouth for decarburization. During refining, mixed gas is sent into the furnace through a side gun (installed on the side wall opposite the steel outlet and close to the furnace bottom). When loading and discharging steel, the furnace body tilts forward at a certain angle, and the (side) air outlet is above the steel liquid level. During normal blowing, the air outlet sinks into the deep part of the melt pool. Injecting a mixture of oxygen, argon, or nitrogen into the central tube of the air outlet can reduce the partial pressure of carbon monoxide and achieve decarburization and chromium preservation by adjusting the oxygen argon ratio. The type of AOD furnace vent is unique, it is a consumable vent cooled by gas. The air outlet adopts a double-layer sleeve structure, with the outer tube only passing argon or nitrogen to cool the air outlet, and the inner tube passing a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon gas. By controlling the flow rate of the air outlet cover ring, the optimal operating effect can be achieved. The flow rate of the center pipe and air outlet cover ring can be controlled in the main control room. Adopting three side gun technology. It can enhance the oxygen supply intensity and improve the metal material yield, which can shorten the AOD smelting time. A stable and reliable control system can reduce gas and various raw material consumption during smelting, and achieve stable product quality. Function: AOD mainly serves to decarbonize and refine. LF furnace (LADLEFURNACE), also known as ladle refining furnace, is the main external refining equipment in steel production. LF furnace generally refers to the refining furnace in the steel industry. It is actually a special form of electric arc furnace. LF furnace refining mainly relies on the white slag inside the barrel. In a low oxygen atmosphere (with an oxygen content of 5%), argon gas is blown into the barrel for stirring, and the molten steel passing through the primary refining furnace is heated by graphite electrodes for refining. Due to the acceleration of the chemical reaction between slag and steel by argon stirring, temperature compensation using arc heating can ensure a longer refining time, thereby reducing the oxygen and sulfur content in the steel. Inclusions are rated as O-0.1 according to ASTM standards. LF furnace can be combined with electric furnace to replace the reduction period of electric furnace, and can also be combined with oxygen converter to produce * * alloy steel. In addition, LF furnace is an indispensable equipment for controlling composition, temperature, and storing molten steel in continuous casting workshops, especially in alloy steel continuous casting production lines. Therefore, the emergence of the LF furnace formed a new joint production line for the production of steel, LD-LF-RH-CC (continuous casting). The reduction refining of steel on this joint production line is mainly completed by LF furnace. The steel grades processed by LF furnace almost involve all types of steel from special steel to general steel, and different process operation systems can be adopted according to the needs of quality control in production. Among various secondary refining equipment, LF furnace has a high comprehensive cost-effectiveness. LF has the following characteristics:① desulfurization② temperature regulation③ precise composition adjustment④ improving the purity of molten steel⑤ slaggingIt mainly has the following functions:(1) LF furnace is connected to electric furnace, which accelerates the production cycle of electric furnace and improves the quality of electric furnace steel.. (2) LF furnace is connected to LD converter, which can reduce and refine converter steel, thus improving steel quality and producing new steel grades. (3) LF furnace can strictly regulate the composition and temperature of molten steel, which is beneficial for the hardenability of steel and continuous casting of special steel. After AOD refining, it is further refined in the LF furnace, which belongs to secondary refining and reduces impurities to ensure the purity of the molten steel; VD refining method is a steel liquid vacuum treatment method in which the initial steelmaking liquid of electric furnace and converter is placed in a closed tank and vacuumed, while argon is blown and stirred at the bottom of the ladle. After melting and preliminary smelting in electric furnaces and converters, it is then placed in a vacuum tank (vacuum chamber) and subjected to bottom blowing argon stirring and vacuum degassing process to obtain pure molten steel. VD furnaces are generally matched with LF furnaces, and the composition and temperature are adjusted by the LF furnace, while the VD furnace completes tasks such as degassing and stirring. There are also oxygen guns installed on the vacuum cover of VD furnaces to smelt stainless steel, known as VOD furnaces. Function: VD furnace is a widely used vacuum refining equipment with excellent degassing and deoxidation effects. It can effectively reduce the hydrogen and nitrogen content in steel, remove oxygen from steel through carbon and oxygen reactions, and desulfurize steel through sufficient reaction between alkaline top slag and molten steel. In addition, it has the function of uniform composition and temperature. Double Gold Special Steel - Smelting ProcessQuality is the cornerstone of the survival and development of enterprises. Double Gold Special Steel always insists on putting product quality as the primary goal of the company, and always adheres to the corporate values of gold quality, gold service, common growth, and common prosperity. Good product quality first requires good smelting processes, and the quality of smelting equipment directly affects the stability of subsequent product quality. For the product and customer positioning of Shuangjin special steel, the smelting method of Shuangjin special steel insists on electric furnace+AOD refining+LF refining or electric furnace+AOD refining+LF refining+VD/VOD or+ESR electric slag to ensure the delivery of qualified and stable products.

1 引言钢铁生产可分为“从铁矿石到钢材”和“从废钢到钢材”两大流程。相对于钢铁联合企业中以高炉-转炉为代表的常规流程而言，以废钢为主原料的 电弧炉炼钢生产具有工序少、投资低和建设周期短 的 特 点 ，因 而 被 称 为 短 流 程 。 近 年 来 ，我 国 废 钢 资源产生量增多，电力条件改善，国家政策导向支持 为电炉钢的发展创造了一定的条件，但电炉钢的发 展仍存在一些制约因素，一是废钢资源质量参差不 齐，二是电炉钢成本竞争力不强，废钢与铁水价差不 能长期支撑电炉钢成本竞争力，国内总体电价水平 较高，石墨电极价格高且波动较大，造成电炉钢成本 控制难度大。钢铁企业排放指标要求越来越严，钢 铁企业排放的污染物 80%来自焦化、烧结等环节，长流程炼钢的弊端日渐明显。系统的比较电炉 钢和转炉钢成本，以及长短流程能耗与排放，可供发 展电炉钢企业参考，具有重要意义。2、电炉钢发展新技术电炉炼钢新技术主要有铁水+废钢冶炼技术、强化用氧技术、伸缩炉盖电炉技术、新型康斯迪电炉 炼钢技术、新型量子电炉炼钢技术等。未来电炉炉 型的发展方向是能实现连续加料、废钢预热、绿色环 保、余热回收及人工智能型炼钢的电炉。目前，我国 康斯迪电炉占总电炉数量 70%左右，建设较早的电 炉企业一般为非连续加料的普通电炉。2.1 伸缩炉盖电炉技术德国福克斯技术公司为实现电炉一篮料操作，开发了伸缩炉盖技术，在普通电炉基础上增加炉壳 高度、增加炉盖的升降行程，有利于缩短非通电时 间、提高生产率。运行效果: 吨钢吹氧小于 30Nm3 /t，天然气 4 Nm3 /t; 电耗 369 kWh/t，电极消耗0.91 kg/t，一篮料加料次数由 40%增加至 54%。2.2 新型康斯迪电炉炼钢技术新型康斯迪电炉，其主要特点及优越性: 炉体称 量装置安装位置，由倾动平台下四个滚轮内，改为安装在倾动平台上方的四个角，依四个称量单元来测 量 工 作 状 态 的 炉 体 重 量 ，该 方 式 安 装 、维 护 方 便 ，故 障率小; 缩短废钢预热段的长度，提高烟气出口温 度; 控制野风的混入，强化预热段内的二次燃烧，保 证出口温度在 800 ~ 900 °C ，抑制二噁英的产生; 电 炉炉底设置底吹装置，在废钢下料区炉底设置底吹 装置，改善熔池钢水温度偏差，缩短冶炼周期; 在废 钢预热段设置挡板，防止电极极心圆偏位。2.3 新型量子电炉炼钢技术新型量子电弧炉优越性: 过程基本不停电，非通电时间1~2 min，高生产率，冶炼周期可实现33~36min; 变压器功率利用率高，约等于 1，减小变压器功 率的匹配; 电耗可以达到 280 kWh/t( 废钢预热 600 °C)，电极消耗可以达到0.9kg/t;平熔池操作，电压 闪烁、噪音水平低，可以免用屋顶烟罩; 节能、环保、新型。这种新型电炉结构复杂，国外有部分钢企投 用 ，但 国 内 目 前 无 新 型 量 子 电 炉 投 产。3 成本对比数据选取据相关介绍，量子电炉电耗可达到 280 kWh / t，电极消耗可达到 0.9 kg / t。(1)电极消耗。电 极 消 耗 与 原 料 结 构 、强 化 用 氧 、废 钢 预 热 、连 续加料有关。目前国内外电炉电极消耗 0.91 ~ 4.0 kg/t，配加铁水冶炼时电极消耗低于全废钢冶炼电 炉。全废钢冶炼，电极消耗取 3 kg / t。35%铁水+65%废钢，电极消耗取国内**水平2 kg/t。50%铁水+50%废钢，电极消耗取国内**水平1.8 kg/t。量子电炉，电极消耗取 0.9 kg / t。(2)电极价格。石墨电极价格 10.5~14.5 万元/t，电极直径越大价格越高，电炉钢企业电极直径一般为 400 ~ 550m m ，以 1 4 . 5 万 元 / t 测 算 。(3)电耗。电炉钢电耗取决于原料结构、装备水平、用氧强 度、废钢预热温度、加料方式等因素。目前国内外电 炉电耗 200~480 kWh/t，加部分铁水冶炼在缩短冶 炼周期，降低电耗方面具有显著效果。全废钢冶炼，电耗以 400 kWh / t 测算。35%铁水+65%废钢，电耗以国内**水平250 kWh/t 测算。50%铁水+50%废钢，电耗以国内**水平200kWh/t测算。量子电炉，电耗以 280 kWh / t 测算。